Every item below was confirmed to exist with its exact title and channel before it was listed. Videos open on YouTube; podcast links open the episode page.
Level 0 · Notice, count, and ask¶
Grades 1–3
Level 0 · counting
Khan Academy Kids · 0 min · 2022
A very short Khan Academy Kids clip about counting to 10.
Level 0 · fair tests
Crash Course Kids · 4 min · 2016
Crash Course Kids episode on isolating variables, the core idea of a fair test.
Level 0 · light
SciShow Kids · 4 min · 2018
SciShow Kids explains how we see color.
Level 0 · light
SciShow Kids · 2 min · 2017
SciShow Kids answers why the sky is blue.
Level 0 · asking questions
SciShow Kids · 3 min · 2017
SciShow Kids invites children to be field scientists who observe and ask questions.
Brains On! Science podcast for kids: How do lightbulbs work? (2026-06-23), 30 min. Brains On!, a science podcast for kids, explains how lightbulbs work.- Brains On! Science podcast for kids: Glow for it! How do creatures make light? (2023-02-21), 36 min. Brains On! episode on how living creatures make their own light.
Level 1 · Chance, waves, and fair tests¶
Grades 4–6
Level 1 · fractions
Khan Academy · 5 min · 2013
Khan Academy introduction to fractions.
Level 1 · chance
Khan Academy · 8 min · 2015
Khan Academy builds an intuitive sense of probabilities.
Level 1 · chance
TED-Ed · 4 min · 2018
TED-Ed coin-flip puzzle that tests intuitions about probability.
Level 1 · randomness
CrashCourse · 12 min · 2018
Crash Course Statistics episode on randomness.
Level 1 · randomization
CrashCourse · 12 min · 2018
Crash Course Statistics episode on controlled experiments.
Level 1 · waves
SciShow Kids · 5 min · 2023
SciShow Kids explains what waves are.
- Causal Bandits Podcast: Causal Inference, Clinical Trials & Randomization || Stephen Senn || Causal Bandits Ep. 012 (2024) (2024-03-18), 78 min. Causal Bandits episode with Stephen Senn on causal inference, clinical trials and randomization.
Level 2 · Algebra, evidence, and causal maps¶
Grades 7–9
Level 2 · Bayes’ rule
3Blue1Brown · 15 min · 2019
3Blue1Brown presents Bayes’ theorem as the geometry of changing beliefs.
Level 2 · evidence
3Blue1Brown · 21 min · 2020
3Blue1Brown uses the medical test paradox to show how evidence updates probabilities.
Level 2 · correlation vs causation
CrashCourse · 12 min · 2018
Crash Course Statistics explains why correlation does not equal causation.
Level 2 · intro to causal inference
Brady Neal - Causal Inference · 42 min · 2020
Brady Neal’s course-preview lecture giving a brief introduction to causal inference.
- Sean Carroll’s Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas: Branden Fitelson on the Logic and Use of Probability (2025-05-19), 89 min. Mindscape conversation with Branden Fitelson on the logic and use of probability.
- The TWIML AI Podcast (formerly This Week in Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence): Causality 101 with Robert Osazuwa Ness (2020-01-27), 40 min. TWIML introductory episode on causality with Robert Osazuwa Ness.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E01. From Data to Discovery: How We Learned to Ask Why. How people moved from collecting data to asking why things happen; a gentle start for Level 2.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E02. The Causality Quest: From Superstition to Science. From Galton to the statistical revolution: how causal questions became science.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E03. The Detective’s Dilemma: How We Infer Causes from Evidence. Reasoning from effect to cause with Bayes’ rule; pairs with lesson L2-05.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E06. The Paradox Problem: When Data Misleads Our Intuition. Simpson’s paradox and other puzzles where data mislead intuition; pairs with L2-06.
Level 3 · Mathematical tools for models¶
High-school bridge
Level 3 · complex numbers
3Blue1Brown · 1h 22m · 2020
3Blue1Brown live lecture on complex number fundamentals.
Level 3 · vectors
3Blue1Brown · 9 min · 2016
Chapter 1 of 3Blue1Brown’s Essence of Linear Algebra, on vectors.
Level 3 · matrices
3Blue1Brown · 10 min · 2016
3Blue1Brown shows matrices as linear transformations.
Level 3 · tensors
Dan Fleisch · 12 min · 2011
Dan Fleisch gives a short visual answer to the question of what a tensor is.
Level 3 · calculus
3Blue1Brown · 17 min · 2017
Opening chapter of 3Blue1Brown’s Essence of Calculus.
Level 3 · entropy
3Blue1Brown · 30 min · 2022
3Blue1Brown uses Wordle to introduce information-theoretic entropy.
Level 4 · Classical causal AI¶
Undergraduate
Level 4 · structural causal models
Brady Neal - Causal Inference · 48 min · 2020
Brady Neal’s lecture on causal models.
Level 4 · do-calculus
Brady Neal - Causal Inference · 12 min · 2020
Brady Neal’s lecture segment on Pearl’s do-calculus.
Level 4 · d-separation and do-calculus
Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing · 1h 06m · 2022
Simons Institute tutorial on causal graphical models, d-separation and do-calculus.
Level 4 · causal discovery
Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing · 1h 05m · 2022
Simons Institute tutorial on classical strategies and concepts in causal discovery.
Level 4 · causal AI overview
PyData · 1h 06m · 2018
Judea Pearl’s PyData keynote on the new science of cause and effect.
Level 4 · causal representation learning
Mila - Institut québécois d’IA · 1h 01m · 2026
Mila talk arguing causal representation learning is a natural fit for mechanistic interpretability.
Level 4 · causality for machine learning
virtual mlss2020 · 1h 35m · 2020
Bernhard Schoelkopf’s MLSS 2020 lecture on causality (part 1).
- Sean Carroll’s Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas: Judea Pearl on Cause and Effect (2022-05-09), 77 min. Sean Carroll talks with Judea Pearl about cause and effect.
- Lex Fridman Podcast: Judea Pearl: Causal Reasoning, Counterfactuals, Bayesian Networks, and the Path to AGI (2019-12-11), 83 min. Lex Fridman interviews Judea Pearl on causal reasoning, counterfactuals and Bayesian networks.
- The TWIML AI Podcast (formerly This Week in Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence): Weakly Supervised Causal Representation Learning with Johann Brehmer (2022-12-15), 47 min. TWIML episode with Johann Brehmer on weakly supervised causal representation learning.
- Data Skeptic: Graphs for Causal AI (2025-05-24), 41 min. Data Skeptic episode on graphs for causal AI.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E04. Untangling the Web: How to Overcome Hidden Bias in Data. Confounding and how experiments, causal diagrams, and adjustment remove it; pairs with L4-03 and L4-04.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E05. Breaking the Illusion: How to Prove Causation Without Experiments. How to argue for causation when an experiment is impossible or unethical.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E07. Climbing the Causal Mountain: How to Predict the Impact of Interventions. Predicting the effect of an intervention, the second rung of the ladder of causation; pairs with L4-05.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E08. Imagining the Impossible: How Counterfactuals Shape Our World. Counterfactuals with structural causal models and potential outcomes; pairs with L4-09.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E09. Tracing the Invisible: How Causes Travel Through the World. Mediation: how causes travel to their effects, with path diagrams.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): Closing the Loop: What We Learned About Causality. A closing recap that ties the ladder of causation, counterfactuals, mediation, and bias together.
Level 5 · Quantum information¶
Advanced undergraduate
Level 5 · qubits and states
Qiskit · 1h 10m · 2022
Lesson 1 of John Watrous’s Qiskit course: single quantum systems.
Level 5 · multiple qubits
Qiskit · 1h 04m · 2022
Lesson 2 of the Watrous Qiskit course: multiple systems.
Level 5 · density matrices
Qiskit · 1h 12m · 2024
Watrous Qiskit lesson on density matrices.
Level 5 · entanglement
Qiskit · 1h 08m · 2023
Lesson 4 of the Watrous Qiskit course: entanglement in action.
Level 5 · measurement
Qiskit · 45 min · 2024
Watrous Qiskit lesson 11 on general measurements.
Level 5 · channels
Qiskit · 59 min · 2024
Watrous Qiskit lesson on quantum channels.
Level 5 · Bell tests
Qiskit · 13 min · 2022
Qiskit explainer on Bell’s inequality, tied to the 2022 Nobel Prize.
Level 5 · noise
Tobias Osborne · 1h 23m · 2015
First lecture of Tobias Osborne’s course on the theory of quantum noise and decoherence.
- Lex Fridman Podcast: #72 – Scott Aaronson: Quantum Computing (2020-02-17), 94 min. Lex Fridman interviews Scott Aaronson about quantum computing.
Level 6 · Quantum causal models¶
Graduate
Level 6 · quantum causal inference
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics · 1h 04m · 2020
Perimeter Institute public lecture by Robert Spekkens and Elie Wolfe on the quantum physicist as causal detective.
Level 6 · classical vs quantum causal inference
ICTP-SAIFR · 1h 19m · 2026
First class of Robert Spekkens’s ICTP-SAIFR course on classical and quantum causal inference.
Level 6 · quantum causal models
CausalWorlds · 48 min · 2023
Robin Lorenz gives an introduction and overview of quantum causal models.
Level 6 · indefinite causal order
Worlds of Entanglement Symposium · 47 min · 2018
Ognyan Oreshkov on indefinite causal order in quantum mechanics.
Level 6 · process matrices
QPL 2020 · 24 min · 2020
QPL 2020 talk by Timothee Hoffreumon on the multi-round process matrix.
Level 6 · quantum switch
WithOut SpaceTime / QISS · 45 min · 2020
Giulio Chiribella reviews ten years of the quantum SWITCH.
Level 6 · indefinite causal order
FQxI · 19 min · 2014
Caslav Brukner on quantum correlations with indefinite causal order.
- Theories of Everything with Curt Jaimungal: Rob Spekkens: Why the Quantum Wave Function Is Not Real (2026-02-02), 168 min. Theories of Everything interview with Robert Spekkens on why he holds the quantum wave function is not real.
Level 7 · Quantum Causal AI research¶
Doctoral & postdoctoral
Level 7 · variational quantum algorithms
PennyLane · 17 min · 2023
PennyLane tutorial on the variational quantum eigensolver.
Level 7 · quantum machine learning
Institute for Pure & Applied Mathematics (IPAM) · 43 min · 2023
Maria Schuld’s IPAM talk on how to rethink quantum machine learning.
Level 7 · quantum kernels
Qiskit · 1h 16m · 2021
Qiskit lecture on quantum feature spaces and kernels.
Level 7 · barren plateaus
Quantum Research Seminars Toronto · 30 min · 2020
Patrick Coles on barren plateau landscapes in variational quantum algorithms.
Level 7 · classical shadows
Quantum Research Seminars Toronto · 25 min · 2022
Stefan Sack on avoiding barren plateaus using classical shadows.
Level 7 · quantum causal inference
Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing · 48 min · 2022
Simons Institute talk on causal discovery in the quantum context.
- The TWIML AI Podcast (formerly This Week in Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence): Pragmatic Quantum Machine Learning with Peter Wittek (2019-04-01), 65 min. TWIML episode with Peter Wittek on pragmatic quantum machine learning.
- The TWIML AI Podcast (formerly This Week in Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence): *Bonus Episode* A Quantum Machine Learning Algorithm Takedown with Ewin Tang (2019-04-01), 40 min. TWIML bonus episode with Ewin Tang on a quantum machine learning algorithm takedown.
- Super Data Science: ML & AI Podcast with Jon Krohn: 721: Quantum Machine Learning, with Dr. Amira Abbas (2023-10-10), 103 min. Super Data Science episode with Amira Abbas on quantum machine learning.
- Decoding Causality (the course author’s podcast): S1E10. Can AI Ask Why? The Final Frontier of Causal Reasoning. Whether machines can learn to ask why; the gap between prediction and causal understanding.